Ultraviolet-C Light-emitting Device Against Microorganisms in Beauty Salons
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background. Ultraviolet light in the UV-C band is also known as germicidal radiation, and it is widely used for decontamination and disinfection of environments, water, and food. The ultraviolet source transfers electromagnetic energy from a mercury arc lamp to an organism´s genetic material. When UV radiation penetrates the cell wall of an organism, it destroys the cell´s ability to reproduce, through a physical and not chemical process. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of a new UV-C generating device (Asepsis) against clinically important microorganisms that may be present in beauty centers.
Methods. We present here a set of tests performed on tools easy to find in beauty salons (hairbrushes, nail pliers, makeup brushes, and, due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, face mask samples). They were individually contaminated with bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, fungi (Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, Malassezia furfur), and the Chikungunya virus. Different times of exposure were evaluated (1, 3, and 5 minutes).
Results. There was notable reduction in the microbial load in every test, in comparison with control groups. Best results were observed on face mask samples, while the makeup brush showed less reduction, even with longer periods of exposure.
Conclusions. Beauty salons present a risk of infections due to microbial exposure. The device tested can efficiently inactivate, in a short time, microorganisms contaminating most tools found in this setting. The device also showed promising results against enveloped virus.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Pathogens and Immunity abides by Creative Commons BY 4.0:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work for any lawful purpose, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. The authors maintain copyright of their materal.
*Due to a template error on our pdfs, articles published from May 20, 2016 to June 24, 2022 incorrectly state the copyright is held by Pathogens and Immunity. Copyright of all articles is held by the authors of each article as noted in the above copyright policy.
References
Spas and Beauty Salons - Global Market Trajectory & Analytics [Internet]. Research and Markets. 2020. Available from: https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5030543.
IBIS World. Hair Salons in the US - Employment Statistics 2005–2027 [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://www.ibisworld.com/industry-statistics/employment/hair-salons-united-states.
Eurostat. Hairdressers and beauticians in the EU [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20200612-1.
Mancini L, Figliomeni M, Puccinelli C, Romanelli C, Volpi F, D’Angelo AM, Caciolli S, D’Ugo E, Volpi E, Giuseppetti R, Marcheggiani S. A descriptive survey on microbiological risk in beauty salons. Microchem J. 2018;136:223–6. Epub 2017/2/20. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.02.021.
Saito Y, Kobayashi H, Uetera Y, Yasuhara H, Kajiura T, Okubo T. Microbial contamination of surgical instruments used for laparotomy. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(1):43–7. Epub 2013/ 11/1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.06.022. Pubmed PMID: 24189327.
Olise CC, Simon-Oke IA. Fomites: Possible vehicle of nosocomial infections. J Public Heal Nutr. 2018;01(01):11–6. Epub 2018/2/26. doi: 10.35841/public-health-nutrition.1.1.11-16.
Stanley HO, Oba TT, Ugboma CJ. Evaluation of Microbial Contamination of Combs and Brushes in Beauty Salons within the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Arch Curr Res Int. 2019;16(2):1–7. Epub 2019/3/6. doi: 10.9734/acri/2019/v16i230088.
Stephens B, Azimi P, Thoemmes MS, Heidarinejad M, Allen JG, Gilbert JA. Microbial Exchange via Fomites and Implications for Human Health. Curr Pollut Rep. 2019;5(4):198–213. Epub 2019/8/31. doi: 10.1007/s40726-019-00123-6. Pubmed PMID 34171005; PMCID: PMC7149182.
Hedderwick SA, McNeil SA, Lyons MJ, Kauffman CA. Pathogenic Organisms Associated with Artificial Fingernails Worn by Healthcare Workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21(8):505–9. Epub 2000/8. doi: 10.1086/501794. Pubmed PMID 10968715.
Sekula SA, Havel J, Otillar LJ. Nail Salons Can Be Risky Business. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(3):414–5. Epub 2002/3. doi: 10.1001/archderm.138.3.414. Pubmed PMID: 11903004.
Mariano A, Mele A, Tosti ME, Parlato A, Gallo G, Ragni P, Zotti C, Lopalco P, Pompa MG, Graziani G, Stroffolini T. Role of beauty treatment in the spread of parenterally transmitted hepatitis viruses in Italy. J Med Virol. 2004;74(2):216–20. Epub 2004/10. doi: 10.1002/jmv.20182. Pubmed PMID: 15332269.
Vugia DJ, Jang Y, Zizek C, Ely J, Winthrop KL, Desmond E. Mycobacteria in nail salon whirlpool footbaths, California. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(4):616–8. Epub 2005/4. doi: 10.3201/eid1104.040936. Pubmed PMID: 15829204; PMCID: PMC3320319.
Coulibaly O, Thera MA, Piarroux R, Doumbo OK, Ranque S. High dermatophyte contamination levels in hairdressing salons of a West African suburban community. Mycoses. 2015;58(2):65–8. Epub 2014/11/11. doi: 10.1111/myc.12272. Pubmed PMID: 25385435.
Rela M, Opel S, Williams S, Collins DP, Martin K, Mughal N, Moore LSP. Operating Room Fomites as Potential Sources for Microbial Transmission in Burns Theatres. Eur Burn J. 2021;2(1):1–8. Epub 2021/1/6. doi: 10.3390/ebj2010001.
Hervé R, Keevil CW. Current limitations about the cleaning of luminal endoscopes. J Hosp Infect. 2013;83(1):22–9. Epub 2012/12/24. doi: 10.1016/J.JHIN.2012.08.008. 23098682. Pubmed PMID: 23098682.
Li X, Cai M, Wang L, Niu F, Yang D, Zhang G. Evaluation survey of microbial disinfection methods in UV-LED water treatment systems. Sci Total Environ. 2019;659:1415–27. Epub 2019/4/1. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.344. 31096352. Pubmed PMID: 31096352.
Sinha RP, Häder DP. UV-induced DNA damage and repair: A review. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2002;1(4):225–36. Epub 2002/4. doi: 10.1039/b201230h. 12661961. Pubmed PMID: 12661961.
Boyce JM, Donskey CJ. Understanding ultraviolet light surface decontamination in hospital rooms: A primer. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019;40(9):1030–5. Epub 2019/6/18. doi: 10.1017/ice.2019.161. 31210119. Pubmed PMID: 31210119.
Cancer IA for RO. Solar and Ultraviolet Radiation. Lyon: IARC Monographs; 1992. 316 p.
Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) (2021). Guidance on evaluating the efficacy and safety of ultraviolet (UV) light emitting equipment with disinfectant action. Technical Note 32/2021. 2021.
Bintsis T, Litopoulou-Tzanetaki E, Robinson RK. Existing and potential applications of ultraviolet light in the food industry - a critical review. J Sci Food Agric. 2000;80(6):637–45. Epub 2000/5/1. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000501)80:6<637::AID-JSFA603>3.0.CO;2-1. Pubmed PMID: 29345786.
Chen J, Loeb S, Kim JH. LED revolution: Fundamentals and prospects for UV disinfection applications. Environ Sci Water Res Technol. 2017;3(2):188–202. Epub 2017/1/17. doi: 10.1039/c6ew00241b.
Lindblad M, Tano E, Lindahl C, Huss F. Ultraviolet-C decontamination of a hospital room: Amount of UV light needed. Burns. 2020;46(4):842–9. Epub 2019/10/30. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.10.004. 31676249. Pubmed PMID: 31676249.
Alharbi NM, Alhashim HM. Beauty Salons are Key Potential Sources of Disease Spread. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:1247. Epub 2021/3/25. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S303461. 33790595. Pubmed PMID: 33790595.
Simmons S, Dale C, Holt J, Velasquez K, Stibich M. Role of ultraviolet disinfection in the prevention of surgical site infections. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;996:255-266. Epub 2017/11/9. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_21. 29124706. Pubmed PMID: 29124706.
Andersen BM, Bånrud H, Bøe E, Bjordal O, Drangsholt F. Comparison of UV C Light and Chemicals for Disinfection of Surfaces in Hospital Isolation Units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27(7):729–34. Epub 2006/6/2. doi: 10.1086/503643. Pubmed PMID: 16807849.
Deng LZ, Mujumdar AS, Pan Z, Vidyarthi SK, Xu J, Zielinska M, Xiao HW. Emerging chemical and physical disinfection technologies of fruits and vegetables: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(15):2481–508. Epub 2019/8/7. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1649633. Pubmed PMID: 31389257.
Humphreys PN, Davies CS, Rout S. An evaluation of the infection control potential of a UV clinical podiatry unit. J Foot Ankle Res. 2014;7(1):1–10. Epub 2014/2/28. doi: 10.1186/1757-1146-7-17. Pubmed PMID: 24576315; PMCID: PMC3942763.
Zhang A, Nerandzic MM, Kundrapu S, Donskey CJ. Does Organic Material on Hospital Surfaces Reduce the Effectiveness of Hypochlorite and UV Radiation for Disinfection of Clostridium difficile? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(10):1106-8. Epub 2013/8/29. doi: 10.1086/673148. Pubmed PMID: 24018930.
Cadnum JL, Li DF, Redmond SN, John AR, Pearlmutter B, Donskey CJ. Effectiveness of Ultraviolet-C Light and a High-Level Disinfection Cabinet for Decontamination of N95 Respirators. Pathog Immun. 2020;5(1):52–67. Epub 2020/5/2. doi: 10.20411/PAI.V5I1.372. 32363254. Pubmed PMID: 32363254; PMCID: PMC7192214.